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The Communist Manifesto 001 I BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS 011

❤️ 본문의 번역 및 자세한 설명은 본문 하단에 있습니다.





The Communist Manifesto 001 – I.BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS – 011




The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the scattered state of the population, of the means of production, and of property.
It has agglomerated production, and has concentrated property in a few hands.
The necessary consequence of this was political centralisation.
Independent, or but loosely connected provinces, with separate interests, laws, governments and systems of taxation, became lumped together into one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one national class-interest, one frontier and one customs-tariff.
The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together.
Subjection of Nature’s forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalisation of rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground—what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labour?

We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society



❤️ 위 본문에 대한 번역 및 자세한 설명은 다음과 같습니다.





  1. The bourgeoisie / keeps more and more / doing away with / the scattered state / of the population, / of the means of production, /and of property.

    부르주아는 점점 더 인구, 생산 수단, 소유의 분산 상태를 없애고 있다.


  2. ⦁ bourgeoisie: 부르주아
    – The bourgeoisie influenced economic structures significantly. (부르주아가 경제 구조에 상당한 영향을 미쳤다.)

    ⦁ scattered: 분산된
    – The documents were scattered all over the desk. (문서들이 책상 위에 흩어져 있었다.)




  3. It has agglomerated production, / and has concentrated property / in a few hands.

    그것은 생산을 합치고, 소유를 소수의 손에 집중시켰다.


  4. ⦁ agglomerate: 합치다
    – The company agglomerated several smaller firms. (그 회사는 여러 작은 회사를 합병했다.)

    ⦁ concentrate: 집중시키다
    – The investment concentrated on green technologies. (투자는 친환경 기술에 집중되었다.)




  5. The necessary consequence / of this / was political centralisation.

    이것의 필연적인 결과는 정치적 중앙집권화였다.


  6. ⦁ consequence: 결과
    – The consequence of his actions was severe. (그의 행동의 결과는 심각했다.)

    ⦁ centralisation: 중앙집권화
    – Centralisation can streamline decision-making processes. (중앙집권화는 의사결정 과정을 간소화할 수 있다.)




  7. Independent, / or but loosely connected / provinces, /with separate interests, /laws, /governments and systems of taxation, / became lumped together / into one nation, / with one government, / one code of laws, / one national class-interest, / one frontier / and one customs-tariff.

    독립적이거나 느슨하게 연결된 주들이, 개별적 이익, 법률, 정부, 세금 제도로, 하나의 정부, 하나의 법전, 하나의 국가적 이익, 하나의 국경, 하나의 관세로 만들어졌다.


  8. ⦁ independent: 독립적인
    – The country became fully independent in 1960. (그 나라는 1960년에 완전히 독립했다.)

    ⦁ customs-tariff: 관세
    – The new customs-tariff was imposed last month. (새로운 관세는 지난달에 부과되었다.)




  9. The bourgeoisie, / during its rule / of scarce one hundred years, / has created more massive / and more colossal productive forces / than have all preceding generations together.

    부르주아는 겨우 백 년의 통치 동안, 이전 세대가 합친 것보다 더 거대하고 더 어마어마한 생산력을 창출했다.


  10. ⦁ colossal: 거대한
    – The statue is truly colossal in size. (그 동상은 정말로 거대하다.)

    ⦁ productive: 생산적인
    – The meeting was highly productive. (그 회의는 매우 생산적이었다.)




  11. Subjection of Nature’s forces / to man, / machinery, / application of chemistry / to industry and agriculture, / steam-navigation, / railways, / electric telegraphs, / clearing of whole continents / for cultivation, / canalisation of rivers, / whole populations / conjured out of the ground— / what earlier century / had even a presentiment / that such productive forces / slumbered in the lap / of social labour?

    자연의 힘을 인간에게 복종시키고, 기계화, 화학의 산업과 농업에의 적용, 증기 항해, 철도, 전신, 대륙 전체의 개간, 강의 운하화, 전 인구를 탄생시킨 것은 – 이전 어느 세기가 그러한 생산력이 사회적 노동의 품속에 잠들어 있다고 예감조차 했겠는가?


  12. ⦁ subjection: 복종
    – The subjection of the people was brutal. (사람들의 복종은 잔인했다.)

    ⦁ presentiment: 예감
    – She had a presentiment of bad news. (그녀는 나쁜 소식에 대한 예감을 가졌다.)




  13. We see then: / the means of production and of exchange, / on whose foundation / the bourgeoisie built itself up, / were generated in feudal society.

    우리는 그렇게 본다: 부르주아가 이를 기반으로 자신을 세운 생산과 교환수단은 봉건 사회에서 만들어졌다.


  14. ⦁ exchange: 교환
    – Currency exchange rates fluctuate daily. (환율은 매일 변동한다.)

    ⦁ foundation: 기초
    – Education is the foundation of a strong society. (교육은 강력한 사회의 기초이다.)










여기까지 읽어주셔서 감사합니다.

출처 : [구텐베르크프로젝트] (https://www.gutenberg.org/)