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The Communist Manifesto 002 II PROLETARIANS AND COMMUNISTS 013

❤️ 본문의 번역 및 자세한 설명은 본문 하단에 있습니다.





The Communist Manifesto 002 – II.PROLETARIANS AND COMMUNISTS – 013



United action, of the leading civilised countries at least, is one of the first conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat.

In proportion as the exploitation of one individual by another is put an end to, the exploitation of one nation by another will also be put an end to.
In proportion as the antagonism between classes within the nation vanishes, the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.

The charges against Communism made from a religious, a philosophical, and, generally, from an ideological standpoint, are not deserving of serious examination.

Does it require deep intuition to comprehend that man’s ideas, views and conceptions, in one word, man’s consciousness, changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence, in his social relations and in his social life?

What else does the history of ideas prove, than that intellectual production changes its character in proportion as material production is changed? The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class.

When people speak of ideas that revolutionise society, they do but express the fact, that within the old society, the elements of a new one have been created, and that the dissolution of the old ideas keeps even pace with the dissolution of the old conditions of existence.

When the ancient world was in its last throes, the ancient religions were overcome by Christianity



❤️ 위 본문에 대한 번역 및 자세한 설명은 다음과 같습니다.





  1. United action, / of the leading civilised countries at least, / is one of the first conditions / for the emancipation of the proletariat.

    적어도 주요 문명 국가들의 공동 행동은 프롤레타리아 해방의 첫 번째 조건 중 하나이다.


  2. ⦁ united: 단결된
    – The team was united in their goal to win the championship. (팀은 챔피언십을 우승하려는 목표에 단결했다.)

    ⦁ emancipation: 해방
    – The emancipation of slaves was a significant moment in history. (노예 해방은 역사에서 중요한 순간이었다.)




  3. In proportion as / the exploitation of one individual by another / is put an end to, / the exploitation of one nation by another / will also be put an end to.

    한 개인에 의한 또 다른 개인의 착취가 끝나는 만큼, 한 국가에 의한 다른 국가의 착취도 끝날 것이다.


  4. ⦁ exploitation: 착취
    – The exploitation of workers must be addressed urgently. (노동자들의 착취는 긴급히 다뤄져야 한다.)

    ⦁ proportion: 비례
    – There is a direct proportion between hard work and success. (열심히 일하는 것과 성공 사이에는 직접적인 비례가 있다.)




  5. In proportion as / the antagonism between classes within the nation / vanishes, / the hostility of one nation to another / will come to an end.

    국가 내 계층 간의 적대감이 사라지는 만큼, 국가 간의 적대감도 끝날 것이다.


  6. ⦁ antagonism: 적대감
    – There was a lot of antagonism between the two rivals. (두 경쟁자 사이에 많은 적대감이 있었다.)

    ⦁ hostility: 적대감
    – The meeting ended with open hostility between the groups. (회의는 그룹들 간의 공개적인 적대감으로 끝났다.)




  7. The charges against Communism / made from a religious, a philosophical, / and, generally, from an ideological standpoint, / are not deserving of serious examination.

    종교적, 철학적, 일반적으로 이념적 관점에서 공산주의에 대한 비난은 진지하게 검토할 가치가 없다.


  8. ⦁ charges: 비난
    – The charges against him were dismissed as unfounded. (그에 대한 비난은 근거 없다고 기각되었다.)

    ⦁ ideological: 이념적인
    – The debate was primarily about ideological differences. (토론은 주로 이념적인 차이에 대한 것이었다.)




  9. Does it require deep intuition / to comprehend that man’s ideas, views and conceptions, / in one word, man’s consciousness, / changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence, / in his social relations and in his social life?

    인간의 생각, 견해 및 개념, 한 마디로 말해 인간의 의식이 물질적 존재 조건, 사회적 관계 및 사회 생활의 변화에 따라 변한다는 것을 이해하는 데 깊은 직관이 필요한가?


  10. ⦁ intuition: 직관
    – Her intuition told her that something was wrong. (그녀의 직관은 뭔가 잘못되었다고 알려주었다.)

    ⦁ consciousness: 의식
    – The patient regained consciousness after the surgery. (환자는 수술 후 의식을 되찾았다.)




  11. What else does the history of ideas prove, / than that intellectual production changes its character / in proportion as material production is changed? / The ruling ideas of each age / have ever been / the ideas of its ruling class.

    사상의 역사가 무엇을 증명하는가? 지적 생산이 물질적 생산이 변하는 만큼 성격을 바꾸는 것 외에 무엇을 증명하는가? 각 시대의 지배적 사상은 항상 그 시대의 지배 계급의 사상이었다.


  12. ⦁ intellectual: 지적
    – She had a highly intellectual approach to the problem. (그녀는 그 문제에 대해 매우 지적인 접근 방식을 가졌다.)

    ⦁ ruling: 지배적인
    – The ruling party has introduced a new policy. (지배 정당이 새로운 정책을 도입했다.)




  13. When people speak of ideas / that revolutionise society, / they do but express the fact, / that within the old society, / the elements of a new one / have been created, / and that the dissolution of the old ideas / keeps even pace / with the dissolution of the old conditions of existence. / When the ancient world was in its last throes, / the ancient religions were overcome by Christianity.

    사회를 혁신하는 사상에 대해 사람들이 말할 때, 그것은 단지 오래된 사회 내에서 새로운 사상의 요소들이 만들어졌고, 오래된 사상의 해체가 오래된 존재 조건의 해체와 맥락을 같이 한다는 사실을 표현할 뿐이다. 고대 세계가 마지막 격변을 겪을 때, 고대 종교는 기독교에 의해 극복되었다.


  14. ⦁ revolutionise: 혁신하다
    – The invention of the internet revolutionised communication. (인터넷의 발명은 의사소통을 혁신했다.)

    ⦁ dissolution: 해체
    – The dissolution of the company was inevitable. (회사의 해체는 피할 수 없었다.)










여기까지 읽어주셔서 감사합니다.

출처 : [구텐베르크프로젝트] (https://www.gutenberg.org/)