The Communist Manifesto 003 III SOCIALIST AND COMMUNIST LITERATURE 005

❤️ 본문의 번역 및 자세한 설명은 본문 하단에 있습니다.

The Communist Manifesto 003 – III.SOCIALIST AND COMMUNIST LITERATURE – 005

In countries where modern civilisation has become fully developed, a new class of petty bourgeois has been formed, fluctuating between proletariat and bourgeoisie and ever renewing itself as a supplementary part of bourgeois society.
The individual members of this class, however, are being constantly hurled down into the proletariat by the action of competition, and, as modern industry develops, they even see the moment approaching when they will completely disappear as an independent section of modern society, to be replaced, in manufactures, agriculture and commerce, by overlookers, bailiffs and shopmen.

In countries like France, where the peasants constitute far more than half of the population, it was natural that writers who sided with the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, should use, in their criticism of the bourgeois regime, the standard of the peasant and petty bourgeois, and from the standpoint of these intermediate classes should take up the cudgels for the working class.
Thus arose petty-bourgeois Socialism.
Sismondi was the head of this school, not only in France but also in England.

This school of Socialism dissected with great acuteness the contradictions in the conditions of modern production

❤️ 위 본문에 대한 번역 및 자세한 설명은 다음과 같습니다.

1. In countries / where modern civilisation / has become fully developed, / a new class / of petty bourgeois / has been formed, / fluctuating between proletariat / and bourgeoisie / and ever renewing itself / as a supplementary part / of bourgeois society.

   현대 문명이 완전히 발달한 나라에서는, 소기업 중산층의 새로운 계급이 형성되었으며, 이는 프롤레타리아트와 부르주아지 사이를 오가며 부르주아 사회의 보조적인 부분으로 끊임없이 재생산되고 있다.




⦁ civilisation: 문명
– The level of civilisation in ancient Greece was remarkable. (고대 그리스의 문명 수준은 놀라웠다.)

⦁ supplementary: 보조적인
– The supplementary material helped clarify the complex topic. (보조 자료가 복잡한 주제를 명확하게 설명해 주었다.)






2. The individual members / of this class, / however, / are being constantly hurled down / into the proletariat / by the action / of competition, / and, / as modern industry develops, / they even see / the moment approaching / when they will completely disappear / as an independent section / of modern society, / to be replaced, / in manufactures, / agriculture and commerce, / by overlookers, / bailiffs and shopmen.

   그러나 이 계급의 개별 구성원들은 경쟁의 작용에 의해 끊임없이 프롤레타리아트로 내몰리고 있으며, 현대 산업이 발전함에 따라 그들은 제조업, 농업 및 상업에서 감독자, 집행관 및 상점 직원으로 대체되며, 그들이 현대 사회의 독립된 부분으로 완전히 사라질 순간이 다가오고 있음을 보고 있다.




⦁ competition: 경쟁
– The competition among tech companies is fierce. (기술 기업 간의 경쟁은 치열하다.)

⦁ independent: 독립적인
– She enjoys being financially independent. (그녀는 재정적으로 독립적인 것을 즐긴다.)






3. In countries / like France, / where the peasants / constitute far more / than half of the population, / it was natural / that writers / who sided with the proletariat / against the bourgeoisie, / should use, / in their criticism / of the bourgeois regime, / the standard of the peasant / and petty bourgeois, / and from the standpoint / of these intermediate classes / should take up the cudgels / for the working class.

   프랑스와 같이 농민이 인구의 절반 이상을 차지하는 나라에서는, 프롤레타리아 편에 선 작가들이 부르주아지에 대항하여 부르주아 정권을 비판할 때 농민과 소자본 중산층의 기준을 사용하고, 이러한 중간 계급의 관점에서 노동 계급을 위해 싸우는 것이 자연스러웠다.




⦁ constitute: 구성하다
– Females constitute a majority of the population in this city. (이 도시에서는 여성이 인구의 다수를 차지하고 있다.)

⦁ criticism: 비판
– Her criticism was fair and constructive. (그녀의 비판은 공정하고 건설적이었다.)






4. Thus arose / petty-bourgeois Socialism.

   Sismondi / was the head / of this school, / not only in France / but also in England.

   그리하여 소자본 중산층 사회주의가 탄생하게 되었다. 시스몽디는 프랑스뿐만 아니라 영국에서도 이 학파의 수장이었다.




⦁ arose: 발생하다
– A conflict arose between the neighboring countries. (이웃 국가들 간에 갈등이 발생했다.)

⦁ head: 수장
– She is the head of the marketing department. (그녀는 마케팅 부서의 수장이다.)






5. This school / of Socialism / dissected with great acuteness / the contradictions / in the conditions / of modern production.

   이 사회주의 학파는 현대 생산 조건의 모순을 예리하게 분석했다.




⦁ dissected: 분석하다
– The scientist dissected the sample to understand its composition. (과학자는 샘플의 구성을 이해하기 위해 분석했다.)

⦁ contradictions: 모순
– The report highlighted several contradictions in the policy. (보고서는 그 정책의 몇 가지 모순을 강조했다.)

여기까지 읽어주셔서 감사합니다.

출처 : [구텐베르크프로젝트] (https://www.gutenberg.org/)